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Ginsengs
While there are many kinds of 'Ginseng', it is likely that you will mainly encounter three different forms; Korean Ginseng, American Ginseng and Siberian Ginseng.
Siberian Ginseng
Latin binomial: Eleuthrococcus senticosus. While in the same family, Araliaceae, Siberian Ginseng is not a true ginseng (Panax spp).
Synonym: Taiga Root
Parts Used: Roots 1
Constituents: The constituents of Siberian Ginseng are eleuthrosides A-G, which are not unique to this plant and are chemically dissimilar e.g. eleuthroside D is a lignan, BI a coumarin.1
Medicinal Action: Adaptogenic, Immunomodulatory 1
Pharmacology
Siberian Ginseng has an adaptogenic character similar to Panax spp but without the stimulant properties. Numerous clinical studies have demonstrated its ability to increase capacity for mental and physical work, decrease recovery time from work and injury, and decrease the influence of environmental stimuli.2
Again, like Panax spp, it appears to optimize function of the hypothalamus/pituitary/adrenal axis resulting in a modification of Selyes 'General Adaptation Syndrome'. During the initial alarm phase it appears to increase glycolysis and affect adrenal hormone action. As the alarm phase continues, it has an 'anti-alarm' action, decreasing blood sugar and adrenal cortex action, thus preventing stress induced damage. It also increases muscle efficiency while protecting glycogen and creatinine phosphate stores, increases messenger and ribosomal RNA synthesis following exertion and increases lipolysis.2-4
This ability to protect the body from harmful effects of stress seems to extend to the immune system, where it appears to increase the efficiency of natural killer cells in particular. The antiviral effect noticed with this herb could be in part due to this tonic action. Though the full mechanism is as yet unknown, Siberian Ginseng exerts a protective action by increasing the body's capacity to decrease the toxicity of certain drugs and environmental pollutants. In animal studies, it has been shown to decrease the cytotoxicity of certain chemotherapeutic agents, resulting in a decrease in mortality and adverse effects. As with Panax spp, it also exerts a protective action in exposure to radiation.4,5
Indications  | Stress, fatigue and general debility | | To increase performance and endurance in work and sports 6 | | Due to its general tonic action, it can be used in the treatment of many conditions e.g. hypertension or hypotension, infections | | Chronic Inflammatory Disease |
Toxicity and Contraindications
Adverse effects, though very uncommon, may include insomnia, anxiety and irritability. Occasional increases in blood pressure have been observed in situations of certain cardiac pathologies. There are no known contraindications.1
Drug Interactions
Due to its tonic properties, the duration of action of certain sedatives may be shortened.3
Administration
Siberian Ginseng is commonly available in capsule, tablet, hydroalcoholic tincture or as a tea.
Dosage: 2 to 3 gm daily of raw herb or equivalent. Although it can be used for up to three months without adverse effects, continual use is not advisable without occasional breaks.1 Siberian Ginseng is commonly present in immune and stress formulae, being combined with similarly indicated herbs e.g. Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice), Borago officinale (Borage).
References
1. British Herbal Compendium (1992). Vol 1. Page 89-91. BHMA, Bournemouth, UK
2. Farnsworth N.R., Kinghorn A.D., Waller D.P. (1985). Siberian Ginseng (Eleuthrococcus senticosus). Current status of an adaptogen. Economic Medicinal Plant Researchluxury hotels in Cordoba 1. Page 156-215
3. Hoffman D. (1993). Gaia Herbal Symposium ProceedingsBlackpool hotels. Page 54-56. Gaia Herbal Research Institute, Harvard
4. Asano K., Takahashi T., Miyashita M. et al. (1986). Effect of eleuthrococcus senticosus extract on human physical working capacity. Planta Medica Vol 52. Page 175-176
5. Ben Hur E. and Fulder S. (1981). Effects of Panax ginseng saponins and Eleuthrococcus senticosus on the survival of cultured mammalian cells after ionising radiation. Am J Clin Med Vol 9. Page 48-56
6. Fulder S. (1980). The drug that builds Russians. New Scientist. Page 576-579
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